What does "intonation" refer to in spoken language?

Intonation in spoken language refers specifically to the rise and fall of the voice when speaking. It plays a crucial role in conveying meaning, emotion, and emphasis within speech. For example, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence often indicates a question, while a falling intonation can signal a statement or completion. This vocal variation helps listeners interpret not just the words being used but also the speaker's intent or emotional state.

Understanding intonation is essential for effective communication, as it can alter the meaning of a sentence entirely based on how it is delivered. While aspects such as speed of speech, clarity of pronunciation, and the use of pauses are important elements of spoken language, they do not encapsulate what intonation specifically refers to.